Volume 2 Unit 39 of 48

Present Subjunctive

Presente do subjuntivo

FSI Portuguese Programmatic Course

Grammar Focus

  • Present subjunctive forms
  • Direct object pronouns
  • Jeito usage
  • Verb botar

Course Material

Grammar Focus — Present Subjunctive and Direct Object Pronouns

Unit 39 introduces two major grammar topics: the present subjunctive mood and direct object pronouns. The subjunctive is one of the most important features of Portuguese grammar, used after expressions of desire, doubt, emotion, and impersonal judgments.


Part I — The Present Subjunctive

From Commands to Subjunctive

The present subjunctive forms are identical to the command forms you learned in Unit 29. The difference is the environment: instead of standing alone as commands, these forms now appear after trigger expressions such as quero que (I want that).

The basic formula is:

Actor 1 + lead-in verb + que + Actor 2 + subjunctive form

PortugueseEnglish
Quero que o senhor fale português.I want you to speak Portuguese.
Quero que o senhor escreva.I want you to write.
Quero que o senhor dirija.I want you to drive.

Literally, you are saying “I want that you speak/write/drive.”


Regular Subjunctive Forms

The subjunctive endings follow the same pattern as the command forms:

-ar verbs take endings with -e: fale, fales, fale, falemos, falem

-er verbs take endings with -a: escreva, escrevas, escreva, escrevamos, escrevam

-ir verbs take endings with -a: dirija, dirijas, dirija, dirijamos, dirijam

InfinitiveSubjunctive (he/she/you)Subjunctive (we)Subjunctive (they/you pl.)
falarfalefalemosfalem
comprarcomprecompremoscomprem
escreverescrevaescrevamosescrevam
vendervendavendamosvendam
abrirabraabramosabram
sairsaiasaiamossaiam

Verbs with open E or open O in the I-form maintain that vowel quality in the subjunctive: esperoespere, voltovolte, moromore.


Changing Actors

You can substitute almost any actor after que:

PortugueseEnglish
Eu quero que ele compre.I want him to buy.
Eu quero que Alice compre.I want Alice to buy.
Eu quero que você compre.I want you to buy.
Eu quero que a minha mãe compre.I want my mother to buy.

The negative works the same way:

PortugueseEnglish
Eu não quero que o senhor fale.I don’t want you to speak.
Eu não quero que ele me conte nada.I don’t want him to tell me anything.
Eu não quero que ela aprenda alemão.I don’t want her to learn German.

Lead-in Verbs That Trigger the Subjunctive

Many verbs besides querer trigger the subjunctive:

Lead-in verbMeaningExample
esperarhopeEu espero que ela volte.
preferirpreferEu prefiro que ela volte.
pediraskEu vou pedir que ela volte.
permitirpermitEu não permito que ela volte.
deixarallowEu não deixo que ela volte.
recomendarrecommendEu recomendo que ela volte.
insistir (para)insistEu insisto para que ela volte.
exigirrequireEu exijo que ela volte.
sugerirsuggestEu sugiro que ela volte.
mandarorder, tellEu mando que ela volte.
desejarwishEu desejo que ela volte.

Impersonal Expressions + Subjunctive

The subjunctive also appears after impersonal expressions:

PortugueseEnglish
É possível que ele venda.It’s possible he will sell.
É provável que ele compre.He will probably buy.
É preciso que ele estude mais.It’s necessary that he study more.
É importante que ele fale bem.It’s important that he speak well.
É bom que ele chegue cedo.It’s good for him to arrive early.
É melhor que o senhor almoce agora.It’s better that you eat lunch now.
É pena que ele não goste.It’s a shame he doesn’t like it.

Irregular Subjunctive Forms

Most verbs with an irregularity in the I-form of the present tense carry the same irregularity into the subjunctive:

I-formSubjunctive (sg.)Subjunctive (pl.)
durmodurmadurmam
repitorepitarepitam
sigosigasigam
sirvosirvasirvam
tragotragatragam
digodigadigam
percopercapercam
venhovenhavenham
ponhoponhaponham
façofaçafaçam
ouçoouçaouçam
peçopeçapeçam
vejovejavejam
tenhotenhatenham
possopossapossam

Six common verbs have subjunctive forms not based on the I-form stem:

IndicativeSubjunctive (sg.)Subjunctive (pl.)Subjunctive (we)
sousejasejamsejamos
estouestejaestejamestejamos
seisaibasaibamsaibamos
vouvãovamos
doudêemdemos
queroqueiraqueiramqueiramos

Verbs without I-forms also have subjunctive forms: chovechova, haja.


Talvez + Subjunctive

The word talvez (maybe, perhaps) is followed by the subjunctive:

PortugueseEnglish
Talvez ele saiba.Maybe he knows.
Talvez ele possa.Maybe he can.
Talvez ela queira.She may want to.
Talvez eu vá.Maybe I’ll go.
Talvez seja verdade.It may be true.
Talvez ele esteja em casa.He may be at home.
Talvez ela esteja viajando.She may be travelling.

Expressions of Doubt + Subjunctive

Negative expressions of belief and verbs of doubt trigger the subjunctive:

PortugueseEnglish
Não acho que ele saiba.I don’t think he knows.
Não acho que ele possa.I don’t think he can.
Não creio que ele viaje hoje.I don’t believe he’ll travel today.
Não acredito que você saiba.I don’t believe you know.
Duvido que ele vá embora.I doubt he’ll leave.
Duvido que ela me ajude.I doubt she’ll help me.

Tomara

The interjection tomara expresses a strong hope. By itself it means “I hope so.” It can be followed by que + subjunctive:

PortugueseEnglish
Tomara!I hope so!
Tomara que sim.I hope so.
Tomara que não.I hope not.
Tomara que ele saiba.I hope he knows.
Tomara que eles venham.I hope they come.
Tomara que a Vera não faça nada.I hope Vera doesn’t do anything.

Part II — Direct Object Pronouns

Basic Forms

PronounMeaningExample
memeLuís me convidou. (Luís invited me.)
nosusLuís nos convidou. (Luís invited us.)
ohim / it (m.)Luís o convidou. (Luís invited him.)
aher / it (f.)Luís a convidou. (Luís invited her.)
osthem (m.)Luís os convidou. (Luís invited them.)
asthem (f.)Luís as convidou. (Luís invited them.)

For “you” as direct object, use você, o senhor, or a senhora (the same forms used as subject pronouns).


Subject Pronouns as Object Pronouns

In modern Brazilian Portuguese, many speakers use the subject pronouns ele, ela, eles, elas as object pronouns, especially for contrast or when the pronoun is not the last element:

PortugueseEnglish
Eu vi ele, não ela.I saw him, not her.
Eu não levei ela, eu levei ele.I didn’t take her, I took him.
Eu conheci eles no Rio.I met them in Rio.
Eu sempre levo ela comigo ao clube.I always take her with me to the club.

When the object is inanimate, the pronoun is almost always simply omitted:

PortugueseEnglish
O que você fez com o dinheiro? — Dei para o Luís.What did you do with the money? — I gave it to Luís.
Quem viu o filme? — Eu vi.Who saw the movie? — I did.
E as chaves? — Eu vou botar na mesa.And the keys? — I’ll put them on the table.

Pronouns Attached to Infinitives

When o, a, os, as follow an infinitive, the -r of the infinitive is dropped and the pronoun gains an l:

TypePatternExample
-ar verb-á-lo(s), -á-la(s)Eu vou levá-lo. (I’m going to take him.)
-er verb-ê-lo(s), -ê-la(s)Eu vou trazê-la. (I’m going to bring her.)
-ir verb-i-lo(s), -i-la(s)Eu vou ouvi-lo. (I’m going to hear him.)
pôrpô-lo(s), pô-la(s)Eu vou pô-lo. (I’m going to put it.)

The pronouns me and nos usually precede the infinitive in Brazilian Portuguese:

PortugueseEnglish
Ele vai me levar.He’s going to take me.
Ela vai nos reconhecer.She’s going to recognize us.

Useful Expression: Que fim levou?

The expression Que fim levou? means “What (ever) happened to?” or “What became of?”

PortugueseEnglish
Que fim levou a Nilza?What became of Nilza?
Que fim levou o seu tio?Whatever became of your uncle?
Que fim levou a carta? — Mandei ontem.What happened to the letter? — I sent it yesterday.

Jeito

The word jeito is extremely common in Brazilian Portuguese, translatable as “knack,” “skill,” “way,” “manner,” or “know-how”:

PortugueseEnglish
Ele tem jeito para estas coisas.He is good at these things.
Vamos dar um jeito.Let’s find a way.
Você tem que dar um jeito no seu cabelo.You have to do something about your hair.
Ele não tem jeito mesmo.He’s hopeless.
É o único jeito que eu sei.It’s the only way I know.
Ela explicou tudo com jeito.She explained everything tactfully.
Deste jeito é mais fácil.It’s easier this way.
Eu dei mau jeito nas costas.I twisted my back.
A Vânia ficou sem jeito.Vânia was embarrassed.
Trabalhar de noite? De jeito nenhum!Work at night? No way!
De qualquer jeito, eles não vão saber.In any event, they’re not going to know.
Está com jeito de chuva.It looks like rain.
O Fernando é muito jeitoso.Fernando is very handy, skillful.

Use of Verbs: botar

The verb botar is commonly used in Brazilian Portuguese. The basic meaning is “put”:

PortugueseContext
Onde você botou o livro?put
Agora eu vou botar a Lucinha na cama.put to bed
Quem botou as cortinas?put up
Está frio, bote uma roupa mais quente.put on
Já vou, estou botando o bolo no forno.put in
Quer que eu bote o gato para fora?put out
Eu botei as chaves na mesa.put (placed)

Key Vocabulary Summary

PortugueseEnglish
quero queI want (that)
espero queI hope (that)
prefiro queI prefer (that)
é possível queit’s possible that
é provável queit’s probable that
é preciso queit’s necessary that
talvezmaybe, perhaps
tomaraI hope so
duvido queI doubt that
me / nosme / us (direct object)
o / a / os / ashim / her / them (direct object)
jeitoway, knack, skill
botarto put
convidarto invite
reconhecerto recognize
permitirto permit
recomendarto recommend
insistirto insist
exigirto require
sugerirto suggest
comportar-seto behave oneself
impacienteimpatient